Lesson Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introductions 1.1.1 Leaving groups as (or leaving) nucleophiles or nucleofuge 1.1.2 Incoming nucleophile 1.2. Mechanism SN2 Reaction 1.3. The SN1 mechanism (carbocation process) 1.3.1 Evidence for the SN1 mechanism 1.4. Mixed SN1 and SN2 mechanism 1.5. SNi mechanism 1.6. SET mechanism 1.6.1 Evidence for SET mechanism: 1.7. Neighbouring Group Participation [...]
Lesson Structure Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes Decalins Effect of Conformation on reactivity Conformation of sugars Steric strain due to unavoidable crowding Element of symmetry Chirality Molecules more than one chiral center threo and erythro isomers Method of resolution Optical purity Enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and Faces Stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis Asymmetric synthesis Optical activity [...]
This book evolved from the lecture notes of the author for a one semester course given to senior undergraduates and graduate students over the past 20 years. This third edition presents an updating of the material to cover the literature through to the end of 2005, with occasional excursions to early 2006. As a result, [...]
Aim: Determination the percentage purity of the given sample of a sulpha drug having molecular weight _________. Requirement: Acetone 10 % sodium acetate Potassium dichromate solution (10%) Standard AgNO3 Process: Weigh exactly about 0.2 gm of the given sample of sulpha drug and dissolve in a mixture of 25 ml Acetone & 20 ml 10 [...]
Aim: Determination the potency of the Penicillin G in per mg Requirement: 0.01N NaS2O3 solution 0.01N I2 solution 1 N NaOH solution (Approx.) 1 N HCl solution (Approx.) Process: Weigh exactly about 0.05 gm (50 mg) of the given penicillin and dissolve it in distilled water and finally make the volume 100 ml in Standard [...]
Aim: Estimation of amino acids Requirements: Sodium Hydroxide 40% formalin Solution Phenolphthalein Glycine Principle: Amino acids like glycine, alanine, etc. contain one amino group and one carboxylic group as part of their structures. These groups being of opposite nature neutralize one another intramolecularly and form internal salts called zwitter ions or dipolar ions. These ions [...]
Aim: Preparation of tribromobenzene (symmetrical) from aniline Requirements: Aniline Glacial acetic acid Bromine + Glacial acetic acid Alcohol Sulphuric acid Benzene Sodium nitrite Procedure: Step 1: Preparation of 2,4,6 tribromoaniline from aniline Dissolve 5.0 mL distil aniline in 19.4 mL gla. Acetic acid shaking well then take 8.6 ml bromine solution in 20.4 mL gla. [...]
Aim: Preparation of p-bromo Aniline from acetanilide Requirements: Acetanilide Acetic acid Bromine Ethanol Potassium hydroxide Procedure: Step 1: Preparation of p-bromo acetanilide from acetanilide Take 5.0 g acetanilide in 22 mL gla. Acetic acid dissolves the substance in beaker this solution is (I) another beaker takes 12.0 mL of bromine in 11.0 mL gla. Acetic [...]
Aim: Preparation of m-nitroaniline from nitrobenzene Requirements: Nitro Benzene Fuming Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Sodium Sulphide Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Methanol Procedure: Step 1 Preparation of m- dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene Take 6.0 mL of fuming nitric acid in a 100 mL round bottomed flask and add carefully with shaking 12.0 mL con. Sulfuric acid and 6.0 [...]
