Aim: Preparation of p-chlorotoluene from p-toluidine. Requirements: Hydrated copper sulphate = 35 g. Pure Sodium chloride = 9.2 g. Sodium bisulphite = 8.4 g. HCl = 60 mL p-toluidine = 5.0 g. HCl = 10 mL Sodium nitrate = 4.0 g. Procedure: Prepare the cuprous chloride solution as follow. Dissolve 35 g. of copper sulphate [...]
Aim: Preparation of Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde. Requirements: Benzaldehyde = 5.0 mL (5.23 g.) 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution = 40.0 mL Acetone = 2.0 mL Rectified Spirit = 20.0 mL Procedure: Dissolve benzaldehyde and pure acetone in a 20.0 mL rectified sprit in 250 mL conical flask Prepare 40.0 mL 10% sodium hydroxide solution [...]
Lesson Structure Pericyclic Reactions Part 1 (Electrocyclic Reactions) 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Molecular orbital symmetry 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene and allyl system. 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Classification of pericyclic reactions. 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Woodward-Hoffmann correlation diagrams 1.5.1Â Â Â Â Correlation diagram Electrocyclic reaction 1.5.2Â Â Â Â Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) approach for electrocyclic reactions 1.5.3Â Â Â Â Perturbation Molecular orbital (PMO) approach [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â E2 Elimination Reaction 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â E1 Elimination Reaction 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â E1CB Elimination reaction 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Orientation of the double bond 1.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Reactivity effects of substrate, attacking base, leaving group and solvent medium 1.6.1Â Â Â Factors effecting E2 Elimination 1.7Â Â Â Â Â Â Mechanism of pyrolytic elimination reaction: 1.8Â Â Â Â Â Â Cope elimination 1.9Â Â Â Â Â Â Saytzeff elimination 1.10Â Â Â Â Hofmann [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Mechanism of metal hydride reductions in saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Addition of Grignard reagent with carbonyl groups 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Wittig reaction and its mechanism 1.4.1Â Â Â Modified Wittig Reaction (Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction) 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Knoevenagel reaction 1.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Claisen condensation 1.7Â Â Â Â Â Â Mannich reaction 1.8Â Â Â Â Â Â Stobbe reactions 1.9Â Â Â Â Â Â Stork enamine reaction 1.10Â Â Â Â [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0      Objective 1.1      Introduction 1.2      Electrophilic addition 1.2.1   Halogen addition reaction 1.2.2   Hydrohalogenation 1.2.2.1 Anti-Markovnikov addition 1.2.3   Oxymercuration reaction 1.2.3.1 Regioselectivity and stereochemistry of oxymercuration 1.3      Nucleophilic addition 1.3.1   Cyanoethylation 1.3.2   Hydro-cyano-addition 1.3.4   Epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls 1.4      Free radical addition 1.4.1   Stereochemistry of Free radical addition of HBr 1.4.2   Free Radical Addition [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Introductions 1.2Â Â Â Â The SNAr mechanism 1.2.1Â Evidence for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) mechanism: 1.3Â Â Â Â The SN1 mechanism 1.3.1Â Evidence for a unimolecular SN1 mechanism 1.4Â Â Â Â The benzyne (arynes) mechanism 1.4.1Â Benzyme (aryne) mechanism: 1.5Â Â Â Â The SRN1 mechanism 1.5.1Â Evidence for the SRN1 mechanism: 1.6Â Â Â Â Effects of Reactivity & Structure, leaving [...]
Aim: Determination of saponification value of given an oil sample Principle: Saponification value defines as the number of mg of KOH required to saponify or hydrolysis 1 g of oil/fat. In this estimation KOH reacts with the fat/oil to gives glycerol and the potassium salt of the corresponding fatty acid. KOH is added in excess [...]
Aim: Determination of iodine value of an oil sample Principal: Iodine value is define as the number of g. of halogen as iodine, that is absorbed by 100 g, of fat/oil. It is a measure of the degree of unsaturation of the sample. The fat oil is treated with an excess of wij’s solution (Iodine [...]
