Ionic Bond Definition An ionic bond (electrovalent bond) is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. This concept was first explained by Walther Kossel and Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916. Usually: Metals lose electrons → cations Non-metals gain [...]
Introduction In organic chemistry, many molecules cannot be accurately represented by a single Lewis structure. Instead, they are better described by multiple contributing structures known as resonance structures. The real structure of such molecules is a hybrid of these forms and is called the resonance hybrid. Understanding resonance is extremely important for students preparing for [...]
Aim: Preparation of p-chlorotoluene from p-toluidine. Requirements: Hydrated copper sulphate = 35 g. Pure Sodium chloride = 9.2 g. Sodium bisulphite = 8.4 g. HCl = 60 mL p-toluidine = 5.0 g. HCl = 10 mL Sodium nitrate = 4.0 g. Procedure: Prepare the cuprous chloride solution as follow. Dissolve 35 g. of copper sulphate [...]
Aim: Preparation of Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde. Requirements: Benzaldehyde = 5.0 mL (5.23 g.) 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution = 40.0 mL Acetone = 2.0 mL Rectified Spirit = 20.0 mL Procedure: Dissolve benzaldehyde and pure acetone in a 20.0 mL rectified sprit in 250 mL conical flask Prepare 40.0 mL 10% sodium hydroxide solution [...]
Lesson Structure Pericyclic Reactions Part 1 (Electrocyclic Reactions) 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Molecular orbital symmetry 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene and allyl system. 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Classification of pericyclic reactions. 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Woodward-Hoffmann correlation diagrams 1.5.1Â Â Â Â Correlation diagram Electrocyclic reaction 1.5.2Â Â Â Â Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) approach for electrocyclic reactions 1.5.3Â Â Â Â Perturbation Molecular orbital (PMO) approach [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â E2 Elimination Reaction 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â E1 Elimination Reaction 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â E1CB Elimination reaction 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Orientation of the double bond 1.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Reactivity effects of substrate, attacking base, leaving group and solvent medium 1.6.1Â Â Â Factors effecting E2 Elimination 1.7Â Â Â Â Â Â Mechanism of pyrolytic elimination reaction: 1.8Â Â Â Â Â Â Cope elimination 1.9Â Â Â Â Â Â Saytzeff elimination 1.10Â Â Â Â Hofmann [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Mechanism of metal hydride reductions in saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Addition of Grignard reagent with carbonyl groups 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Wittig reaction and its mechanism 1.4.1Â Â Â Modified Wittig Reaction (Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction) 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Knoevenagel reaction 1.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Claisen condensation 1.7Â Â Â Â Â Â Mannich reaction 1.8Â Â Â Â Â Â Stobbe reactions 1.9Â Â Â Â Â Â Stork enamine reaction 1.10Â Â Â Â [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0      Objective 1.1      Introduction 1.2      Electrophilic addition 1.2.1   Halogen addition reaction 1.2.2   Hydrohalogenation 1.2.2.1 Anti-Markovnikov addition 1.2.3   Oxymercuration reaction 1.2.3.1 Regioselectivity and stereochemistry of oxymercuration 1.3      Nucleophilic addition 1.3.1   Cyanoethylation 1.3.2   Hydro-cyano-addition 1.3.4   Epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls 1.4      Free radical addition 1.4.1   Stereochemistry of Free radical addition of HBr 1.4.2   Free Radical Addition [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Introductions 1.2Â Â Â Â The SNAr mechanism 1.2.1Â Evidence for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) mechanism: 1.3Â Â Â Â The SN1 mechanism 1.3.1Â Evidence for a unimolecular SN1 mechanism 1.4Â Â Â Â The benzyne (arynes) mechanism 1.4.1Â Benzyme (aryne) mechanism: 1.5Â Â Â Â The SRN1 mechanism 1.5.1Â Evidence for the SRN1 mechanism: 1.6Â Â Â Â Effects of Reactivity & Structure, leaving [...]
