Aim: Estimation of amino acids Requirements: Sodium Hydroxide 40% formalin Solution Phenolphthalein Glycine Principle: Amino acids like glycine, alanine, etc. contain one amino group and one carboxylic group as part of their structures. These groups being of opposite nature neutralize one another intramolecularly and form internal salts called zwitter ions or dipolar ions. These ions [...]
Aim: Preparation of tribromobenzene (symmetrical) from aniline Requirements: Aniline Glacial acetic acid Bromine + Glacial acetic acid Alcohol Sulphuric acid Benzene Sodium nitrite Procedure: Step 1: Preparation of 2,4,6 tribromoaniline from aniline Dissolve 5.0 mL distil aniline in 19.4 mL gla. Acetic acid shaking well then take 8.6 ml bromine solution in 20.4 mL gla. [...]
Aim: Preparation of p-bromo Aniline from acetanilide Requirements: Acetanilide Acetic acid Bromine Ethanol Potassium hydroxide Procedure: Step 1: Preparation of p-bromo acetanilide from acetanilide Take 5.0 g acetanilide in 22 mL gla. Acetic acid dissolves the substance in beaker this solution is (I) another beaker takes 12.0 mL of bromine in 11.0 mL gla. Acetic [...]
Aim: Preparation of m-nitroaniline from nitrobenzene Requirements: Nitro Benzene Fuming Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Sodium Sulphide Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Methanol Procedure: Step 1 Preparation of m- dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene Take 6.0 mL of fuming nitric acid in a 100 mL round bottomed flask and add carefully with shaking 12.0 mL con. Sulfuric acid and 6.0 [...]
Aim: Preparation of p- nitroaniline from acetanilide Requirements: Acetanilide Glacial acetic acid Sulfuric acid Nitric acid 70% Sulfuric acid Procedure: Step 1: p-Nitroacetanilide from acetanilide Dissolve 5.0 g. of acetanilide in 6.0 mL of glacial acetic acid in 250 mL beaker. Add 10.0 mL of con. H2SO4 in it the solution should be clear then [...]
Aim: Preparation of 7-acetoxy 4-methyl coumarin from resorcinol Requirements: Resorcinol = 5.0 g. Ethyl acetoacetate = 5.9 mL sulphuric acid = 22.0 mL + 5.0 mL Acetic anhydride = 10.0 mL Procedure: Step 1: 7-hydroxy 4-methyl coumarin from resorcinol            To a solution of 5.0 g of resorcinol in 5.9 mL of ethyl acetoacetate contained [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0      Objective 1.1      Introduction 1.2      Molecular vibration 1.3      Vibration of a single particle (classical) 1.4      The vibration of two particles system (classical) 1.5      Schrödinger Equation applied to Harmonic oscillator 1.6      Zero point energy 1.7      Selection Rule 1.8      Boltzmann Distribution 1.9      Force constant and Bond strength 1.10    The Anharmonic oscillator 1.11    Fundamental and Overtone [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0    Objective 1.1    Introduction 1.2    Classification of molecules 1.3    Rotational spectra of regid diatomic molecules 1.4    Selection rules 1.5    Non-rigid rotator 1.6    Spectrum of a non-rigid rotator 1.7    Linear polyatomic molecules 1.8    Non-linear polyatomic molecules 1.9    Asymmetric top molecles 1.10. Starck effect      Solved Problems     [...]
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