M.Sc.

Lesson Structure 1        Introduction 2        Microstates, macrostates, ensembles 3        Mathematical basics: probability theory 4        The microcanonical ensemble 5        The Boltzmann entropy and Boltzmann distribution 6        The canonical ensemble 7        Thermodynamic state functions 8        Crystals 9        Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics 10      Ideal mono-atomic gas 11      Ideal gas with internal degrees of freedom 12      Mixtures of [...]

Aim: Estimation of phenol compound by brominating method. Required: 0.1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O solution, 0.1 N Brominating solution, 10% KI solution, con. HCl Procedure: Take 25 ml of given Phenol solution and dilute it up to 250 mL using distilled water in 250 mL conical flask take 10 mL of diluted solution in a stoppered bottle [...]

Aim: Estimation of Aniline compound by brominating method. Required: 0.1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O solution, 0.1 N Brominating solution, 10% KI solution, con. HCl Procedure: Take 25 ml of given Aniline solution and dilute it up to 250 mL using distilled water in 250 mL conical flask take 10 mL of diluted solution in a stoppered bottle [...]

Lesson Structure 1.0       Objectives 1.1       Introductions 1.2       Mechanism of free radical substitution 1.2.1    Free-radical substitution of alkanes 1.2.2    Free-radical halogenation is most commonly applied to allylic or benzylic halogenations       1.3       Neighbouring group assistance in free radical reactions 1.4       Reactivity 1.4.1    Reactivity for aliphatic substrates: 1.4.2    Reactivity in aromatic substrate: 1.4.3    Reactivity in the attacking radicals: [...]

Lesson Structure 1.0       Objectives 1.1       Introductions 1.1.1    Leaving groups as (or leaving) nucleophiles or nucleofuge 1.1.2    Incoming nucleophile   1.2.      Mechanism SN2 Reaction 1.3.      The SN1 mechanism (carbocation process) 1.3.1    Evidence for the SN1 mechanism 1.4.      Mixed SN1 and SN2 mechanism 1.5.      SNi mechanism 1.6.      SET mechanism 1.6.1    Evidence for SET mechanism: 1.7.      Neighbouring Group Participation [...]

Lesson Structure Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes Decalins Effect of Conformation on reactivity Conformation of sugars Steric strain due to unavoidable crowding Element of symmetry Chirality Molecules more than one chiral center threo and erythro isomers Method of resolution Optical purity Enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and Faces Stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis Asymmetric synthesis Optical activity [...]

Lesson Structure 1.0       Objective 1.1       Introduction 1.2       Molecular vibration 1.3       Vibration of a single particle (classical) 1.4       The vibration of two particles system (classical) 1.5       Schrödinger Equation applied to Harmonic oscillator 1.6       Zero point energy 1.7       Selection Rule 1.8       Boltzmann Distribution 1.9       Force constant and Bond strength 1.10     The Anharmonic oscillator 1.11     Fundamental and Overtone [...]

Lesson Structure 1.0     Objective 1.1     Introduction 1.2     Classification of molecules 1.3     Rotational spectra of regid diatomic molecules 1.4     Selection rules 1.5     Non-rigid rotator 1.6     Spectrum of a non-rigid rotator 1.7     Linear polyatomic molecules 1.8     Non-linear polyatomic molecules 1.9     Asymmetric top molecles 1.10.  Starck effect           Solved Problems         [...]