Lesson Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 E2 Elimination Reaction 1.3 E1 Elimination Reaction 1.4 E1CB Elimination reaction 1.5 Orientation of the double bond 1.6 Reactivity effects of substrate, attacking base, leaving group and solvent medium 1.6.1 Factors effecting E2 Elimination 1.7 Mechanism of pyrolytic elimination reaction: 1.8 Cope elimination 1.9 Saytzeff elimination 1.10 Hofmann [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mechanism of metal hydride reductions in saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds 1.3 Addition of Grignard reagent with carbonyl groups 1.4 Wittig reaction and its mechanism 1.4.1 Modified Wittig Reaction (Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction) 1.5 Knoevenagel reaction 1.6 Claisen condensation 1.7 Mannich reaction 1.8 Stobbe reactions 1.9 Stork enamine reaction 1.10 [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electrophilic addition 1.2.1 Halogen addition reaction 1.2.2 Hydrohalogenation 1.2.2.1 Anti-Markovnikov addition 1.2.3 Oxymercuration reaction 1.2.3.1 Regioselectivity and stereochemistry of oxymercuration 1.3 Nucleophilic addition 1.3.1 Cyanoethylation 1.3.2 Hydro-cyano-addition 1.3.4 Epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls 1.4 Free radical addition 1.4.1 Stereochemistry of Free radical addition of HBr 1.4.2 Free Radical Addition [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introductions 1.2 The SNAr mechanism 1.2.1 Evidence for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) mechanism: 1.3 The SN1 mechanism 1.3.1 Evidence for a unimolecular SN1 mechanism 1.4 The benzyne (arynes) mechanism 1.4.1 Benzyme (aryne) mechanism: 1.5 The SRN1 mechanism 1.5.1 Evidence for the SRN1 mechanism: 1.6 Effects of Reactivity & Structure, leaving [...]
Aim: Determination of saponification value of given an oil sample Principle: Saponification value defines as the number of mg of KOH required to saponify or hydrolysis 1 g of oil/fat. In this estimation KOH reacts with the fat/oil to gives glycerol and the potassium salt of the corresponding fatty acid. KOH is added in excess [...]
Aim: Determination of iodine value of an oil sample Principal: Iodine value is define as the number of g. of halogen as iodine, that is absorbed by 100 g, of fat/oil. It is a measure of the degree of unsaturation of the sample. The fat oil is treated with an excess of wij’s solution (Iodine [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The arenium ion mechanism 1.2.1 Energy profile diagrams of Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution eaction: 1.2.2 Nitration 1.2.3 Sulphonation 1.2.4 Halogenation 1.2.5 Alkylation 1.2.6 Acylation 1.3 Orientation and reactivity 1.3.1 Electrophilic substitution in other poly-substituted benzene rings: 1.4 Some name reactions involving aromatic electrophilic substitution mechanism: 1.4.1 Vilsmeir reaction 1.4.2 [...]
Lesson Structure 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Unimolecular Substitution Reactions (SE1) 1.3.1 Evidence for the SE1 mechanism 1.3.2 Stereochemistry of SE1 reaction 1.4 Bimolecular Substitution Reaction (SE2) 1.4.1 SE2 (Front) and SE2 (Back): Evidence and Stereochemistry 1.4.2 SEi mechanism: Evidence and Stereochemistry 1.5 Electrophilic substitution accompanied by double bond shift 1.6 Effect of various factors [...]
Lesson Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Theory 1.3 Instrumentation 1.4 Mass spectrum 1.5 The nitrogen rule 1.6 Metastable ions or peaks 1.7 Regions where metastable ions are produced 1.8 Calculation of metastable ion m/z values 1.9 McLafferty Rearrangement. 10 High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) 1.11 Fragmentation associated with functional groups [...]
