Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond Definition An ionic bond (electrovalent bond) is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. This concept was first explained by Walther Kossel and Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916. Usually: Metals lose electrons → cations Non-metals gain [...]
Resonance in Organic Chemistry Explained with Examples
Introduction In organic chemistry, many molecules cannot be accurately represented by a single Lewis structure. Instead, they are better described by multiple contributing structures known as resonance structures. The real structure of such molecules is a hybrid of these forms and is called the resonance hybrid. Understanding resonance is extremely important for students preparing for [...]
Preparation of p-chlorotoluene from p-toluidine
Aim: Preparation of p-chlorotoluene from p-toluidine. Requirements: Hydrated copper sulphate = 35 g. Pure Sodium chloride = 9.2 g. Sodium bisulphite = 8.4 g. HCl = 60 mL p-toluidine = 5.0 g. HCl = 10 mL Sodium nitrate = 4.0 g. Procedure: Prepare the cuprous chloride solution as follow. Dissolve 35 g. of copper sulphate [...]
Preparation of Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde
Aim: Preparation of Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde. Requirements: Benzaldehyde = 5.0 mL (5.23 g.) 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution = 40.0 mL Acetone = 2.0 mL Rectified Spirit = 20.0 mL Procedure: Dissolve benzaldehyde and pure acetone in a 20.0 mL rectified sprit in 250 mL conical flask Prepare 40.0 mL 10% sodium hydroxide solution [...]