Aim: Determination of saponification value of given an oil sample Principle: Saponification value defines as the number of mg of KOH required to saponify or hydrolysis 1 g of oil/fat. In this estimation KOH reacts with the fat/oil to gives glycerol and the potassium salt of the corresponding fatty acid. KOH is added in excess [...]
Aim: Determination of iodine value of an oil sample Principal: Iodine value is define as the number of g. of halogen as iodine, that is absorbed by 100 g, of fat/oil. It is a measure of the degree of unsaturation of the sample. The fat oil is treated with an excess of wij’s solution (Iodine [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â The arenium ion mechanism 1.2.1Â Â Â Energy profile diagrams of Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution eaction: 1.2.2Â Â Â Nitration 1.2.3Â Â Â Sulphonation 1.2.4Â Â Â Halogenation 1.2.5Â Â Â Alkylation 1.2.6Â Â Â Acylation 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Orientation and reactivity 1.3.1Â Â Â Electrophilic substitution in other poly-substituted benzene rings: 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Some name reactions involving aromatic electrophilic substitution mechanism: 1.4.1Â Â Â Vilsmeir reaction 1.4.2Â Â Â [...]
Lesson Structure 1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Objectives 1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Unimolecular Substitution Reactions (SE1) 1.3.1Â Â Â Â Evidence for the SE1 mechanism 1.3.2Â Â Â Â Stereochemistry of SE1 reaction 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Bimolecular Substitution Reaction (SE2) 1.4.1Â Â Â Â SE2 (Front) and SE2 (Back): Evidence and Stereochemistry 1.4.2Â Â Â Â SEi mechanism: Evidence and Stereochemistry 1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Electrophilic substitution accompanied by double bond shift 1.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Effect of various factors [...]
Lesson Structure 1.1    Introduction 1.2    Theory 1.3    Instrumentation 1.4    Mass spectrum 1.5    The nitrogen rule 1.6    Metastable ions or peaks 1.7    Regions where metastable ions are produced 1.8    Calculation of metastable ion m/z values 1.9    McLafferty Rearrangement. 10     High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) 1.11  Fragmentation associated with functional groups       [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0Â Â Â Â Objective 1.1Â Â Â Â Introduction 1.2Â Â Â Â Principle behind ESR spectroscopy 1.3Â Â Â Â Line-width of ESR signal 1.4Â Â Â Â Intensity of ESR signals 1.5Â Â Â Â Instrumental Technique in ESR spectroscopy 1.6Â Â Â Â Hyperfine structures. 1.7Â Â Â Â ESR spectrum of Hydrogen atom 1.8Â Â Â Â Selection rules for ESR spectra 1.9Â Â Â Â ESR spectrum of one electron system coupled to a nucleus of spin [...]
Lesson Structure 1.0    Objective 1.1    Introduction 1.2    Nuclear spin: Magnetic and non-magnetic nuclei 1.3    Angular momentum of the nucleus 1.4    Magnetic moment associated with the spinning nucleus 1.5    Energy of a nucleus (I ≠0) in a magnetic field 1.6    Resonance frequency for hydrogen nucleus (1H) 1.7    Population of nuclear energy levels 1.8    Mechanism of [...]
Lesson Structure Introduction Theory Mossbauer Isotopes Instrumentation Applications Isomer Shift Quadrupole Interaction Magnetic Hyperfine Interactions Problems related to Mossbauer Spectroscopy CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD PDF
The Main Types of Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction may be regarded as the process that occurs when matter undergoes change in composition. To be able to understand chemical reaction, one needs to recognize the key types of reactions. Reaction may be classified in several different ways, namely: Synthesis (Combination) Reactions; Decomposition Reactions; Substitution (single [...]
